What is Keith Wagener Barker classification?
What is Keith Wagener Barker classification?
Keith-Wagner- Barker classification Group 1: Slight constriction of retinal arterioles. Group 2: Group 1 + focal narrowing of retinal arterioles + AV nicking. Group 3: Group 2 + flame-shaped haemorrhages + cotton-wool spots + hard exudates. Group 4: Group 3 + optic disc swelling.
What are the grades of hypertensive retinopathy characterize each grade?
Grade 1: Barely detectable arterial narrowing. Grade 2: Obvious arterial narrowing with focal irregularities (Figure 1) Grade 3: Grade 2 plus retinal hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, or retinal edema (Figure 3) Grade 4: Grade 3 plus papilledema (Figure 4)
Is Papilledema seen in hypertensive retinopathy?
On fundoscopic exam, flame and dot blot hemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots, retinal edema, and papilledema (present in severe hypertensive retinopathy) can be seen.
How do you treat hypertensive retinopathy?
Treating hypertensive retinopathy typically involves controlling high blood pressure through lifestyle changes, medication and careful monitoring. Through this, the condition can be halted, and the damage may slowly heal.
What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy?
When these blood vessels thicken, they can develop leaks, which can then lead to vision loss. The four stages of diabetic retinopathy are classified as mild, moderate, and severe nonproliferative and proliferative.
Do retinal hemorrhages go away?
Retinal hemorrhages, especially mild ones not associated with chronic disease, will normally reabsorb without treatment. Laser surgery is a treatment option which uses a laser beam to seal off damaged blood vessels in the retina.
What are the grades of hypertension?
Table 1.
| Parameter | ACC/AHA | ESC/ESH |
|---|---|---|
| Grading of normal pressure, mm Hg | Elevated 120–129/<80 | Normal 120–129/80–84 |
| High normal 130–139/85–89 | ||
| Grading of hypertension, mm Hg | Grade 1, 130–139/80–89 | Grade 1 140–159/90–99 |
| Grade 2, ≥140/90 | Grade 2, 160–179/100–109 |
What is hypertensive retinopathy bilateral?
Hypertensive retinopathy is retinal vascular damage caused by hypertension. Signs usually develop late in the disease. Funduscopic examination shows arteriolar constriction, arteriovenous nicking, vascular wall changes, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, yellow hard exudates, and optic disk edema.
How do you describe hypertensive retinopathy?
When do you refer to hypertensive retinopathy?
However, if a patient without a diagnosis of hypertension presents with signs of mild hypertensive retinopathy, we recommend referral to a general practitioner within one week. For moderate hypertensive retinopathy, the patient should be evaluated by a general practitioner within one or two days.
Does high blood pressure affect vision?
Damage to your eyes High blood pressure can damage the tiny, delicate blood vessels that supply blood to your eyes, causing: Damage to your retina (retinopathy). Damage to the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye (retina) can lead to bleeding in the eye, blurred vision and complete loss of vision.
What is considered high eye pressure?
Measuring Eye Pressure Normal eye pressure ranges from 12-22 mm Hg, and eye pressure of greater than 22 mm Hg is considered higher than normal. When the IOP is higher than normal but the person does not show signs of glaucoma, this is referred to as ocular hypertension. High eye pressure alone does not cause glaucoma.
Can Keith–Wagener–Barker classification of hypertensive retinopathy be simplified?
In order to overcome the limitations of Keith–Wagener–Barker classification, a simplified grading of hypertensive retinopathy based on two/three grades has been proposed by different authors [11,12].
What are the four grades of hypertensive retinopathy?
The first comprehensive classification of hypertensive retinopathy was provided by Keith, Wagener and Barker five decades later [7] and was defined by four grades of retinal damage: grade 1 (narrowing), grade 2 (arteriovenous crossings), grade 3 (haemorrhages and exudates) and grade 4 (papilloedema).
What is the history of hypertensive retinopathy?
From a historical point of view, hypertensive retinopathy was described for the first time by Markus Gunn at the end of the nineteenth century in a group of hypertensive patients with kidney disease.
Are Grade 1 and Grade 2 retinopathy different from Wong–Mitchell classification?
First, at difference from Wong–Mitchell classification, grades 1 and 2 retinopathy defined according to Keith–Wagener–Barker scale was unable to show an independent relation with PWV and CCSA in age and sex-based analysis. In particular, no differences in TOD were observed in participants with grade 2 as compared to those with grade 1 retinopathy.